City based oral and maxillofacial surgeon Manjunath Rai has been re-elected as the honorary general Secretary of Association of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons of India (AOMSI) for 3 years term.
Election for the new office bearers was held during the 38th national annual conference of AOMSI at Bubaneshwar, Orissa. Dr Rai is having the rare distinction of being the youngest person to hold the post of honorary general secretary when he was elected unanimously in 2010 for a term of 3 years.
Presently, he is the vice principal and head, department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia. He is also the consultant oral and maxillofacial surgeon at Father Muller’s Medical College and Hospital. He is a practitioner running a successful practice at Rai Dental Specialty clinic in the city. He is also the elected Senate member of the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore from the Professor category. He has made the City proud by organising the First Asian PG convention in August 2013 at Mangalore.
source: http://www.articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com / The Times of India / Home> City> Mangalore> Health Sciences / by Vinobha KT, TNN / December 06th, 2013
Born to Jayachamaraja Wadiyar and Tripura Sundarammanni couple on Feb.20, 1953, Srikanta Datta Narasimharaja Wadiyar completed BA degree in Political Science from Maharaja’s College and acquired Master’s Degree in Political Science from the University of Mysore.
During his student days, Wadiyar also captained the Mysore University Cricket team and was known for his friendly relationship.
After being coroneted as the Yuvaraja in 1974, Wadiyar got married to Pramodadevi in 1976 and later got elected to Lok Sabha from Mysore Constituency in 1984, 1989, 1996 and 1999 on Congress ticket, during which period, he strived for conversion of Mysore-Bangalore Railway track into Broad Guage.
In the changed political scenario, Wadiyar quit Congress and joined the BJP to unsuccessfully contest from Mysore Parliamentary Constituency, thus facing first defeat of his illustrious political career.
After serving as the President of Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA) between 2007-2010, Wadiyar, teaming up with Brijesh Patel swept the elections to the KSCA earlier this month in Bangalore winning all the 24 seats.
Besides taking active part in sporting activities, Wadiyar, who evinced interest in other activities passed an examination on Western Music at the Trinity College of Music in London.
Wadiyar, who served as the Chairman of Chamarajendra Art Gallery in Jaganmohan Palace, Lakshamma Ammanni Education Trust, Jayacahmarajendra Education Trust also performed as a visiting lecturer in the Department of Political Science in Manasagangotri.
Besides having the hobby of collecting antiques, watches and fancy cars, the late scion had actively taken part in activities of Mysore Race Club, Bangalore Turf Club, Delhi Race Club and many other sporting bodies.
He was also the Chairman of Mysore International Travel Agency, Manjunatha Packaging Works, Gayathri Enterprises, Saraswathi Enterprises, Venkateshwara Real Estate Agency etc.
source: http://www.starofmysore.com / Star of Mysore / Home> General News / December 11th, 2013
( Left -1) City’s renowned artist Ganjifa Raghupathi Bhat interviewed by K.B. Ganapathy, Editor -in-Chief, Star of Mysore.( Right – 2) The Wadiyar couple with artist Ganjifa Raghupathi Bhat. [Pic by by S. Thippeswamy]by K.B. Ganapathy
I first met Mahaswami at the Palace along with the Taranga Kannada Weekly Editor Santosh Kumar Gulwadi. That was for the purpose of interviewing Wadiyar for an article on his Private Durbar. He was shown some of my paintings, including Ganjifa paintings. He went through those paintings showing keen interest and said that his great-grandfather Krishnaraja Wadiyar III was in fact the creator of 18 Ganjifa card games and also wrote the slokas for those paintings on each card,” said the renowned city artist Ganjifa Raghupathi Bhat, who is responsible for reviving the Ganjifa paintings, which was on the verge of extinction.
Recalling his memories about Srikanta Datta Narasimharaja Wadiyar, the last scion of the Mysore Royal Family who died yesterday in Bangalore, Bhat said that Wadiyar had visited his art museum Chitra Saale in Srirangapatna about three times, twice with his wife Pramodadevi and spent about an hour going through the exhibited art works with great interest and even wrote his opinion in the visitors book.
Bhat recalled Wadiyar calling him and asking him to get a few artists from the artists camp that was going on at that time. Accordingly, Bhat took artists Srihari, Vijay Hagargundi, Nagure and another two to the Palace. Wadiyar received them warmly, served them with coffee in silverware and went through their paintings rather critically.
Bhat was astonished at the immense knowledge about paintings Wadiyar displayed when the latter chanted a Sanskrit sloka ‘Kauthuka Nidhi’ from the book ‘Srithatva Nidhi’ written by Sri Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, on seeing a painting of Devi. Looking at the colour of the saree of the Devi he asked the artist as to the basis on which he had used that particular red colour when according to the sloka the colour should have been of yellow shade. Wadiyar also suggested a minor change required in the crown of the Devi as per the tradition.
Raghupathi Bhat, who used to be called to the Palace by Wadiyar to discuss about matters relating to paintings and even about book-bindings to restore old books, was proud to disclose that he had made a portrait in water colour of Wadiyar which was published in The Times of India on the occasion of his 55th birthday.
Raghupathi remembers with nostalgia the suggestion made by Wadiyar that he (Bhat) should shift to Mysore as there was greater opportunity for developing the museum and also scope for his creative works. Bhat says that he took Wadiyar’s suggestion seriously and that was how he moved to Mysore for good. And Wadiyar was one of the first persons to congratulate Bhat when he got the President’s National Award as an artist.
According to Raghupathi Bhat, the Wadiyar dynasty was a blessing to the world of art and also artists whose number increased in old Mysore under their patronage. Expressing deep sorrow at the untimely passing away of Srikanta Datta Narasimharaja Wadiyar, Bhat mentioned about Wadiyar’s appreciation of the gold-leaf restoration work he had executed in the Palace Durbar Hall and part of Kalyana Mantap this year.
“I feel, I have lost a father figure in Wadiyar’s death,” said Bhat his eyes going wet.
source: http://www.starofmysore.com / Star of Mysore / Home> Feature Articles / December 11th, 2013
Facebook is reportedly all set to make its first ever Indian acquisition soon. Talks are apparently on for Facebook to acquire Little Eye Labs, a Bangalore-based startup.
According to a report by the Business Standard , the deal is being facilitated by Indian Software Products Industry Roundtable (iSpirt). The Indian software product think-tank tries to help Indian companies find global buyers. As far as Little Eye Labs goes, the startup builds performance analysis and monitoring tools that identify and fix issues faced by Android app developers.
The company was founded by Bangalore-based programme analysis enthusiasts, Giridhar Murthy, a former Apple employee; Kumar Rangarajan who has worked with IBM and HP; Satyam Kandula, an IIT Kharagpur alumnus and Lakshman Kakkirala, also a former IBM and Yahoo! employee. CrunchBase shows Little Eye Labs currently has seven employees. The company had earlier received between $100,000 and $200,000 from GSF Accelerator, a start-up incubator.
The deal is being struck as part of the M&A connect programme by iSpirt. The firm had launched the programme’s hot-line for product companies to help them be acquired or raise funds. iSprit was kicked off in February this year after it broke out of Nasscom. The talks were reportedly conducted in Palo Alto, US, back in May. Besides Facebook, IBM, Cisco and VMware participated too.
If Facebook ends up purchasing Little Eye Labs, it will be a big push for not just iSpirt, but other startups in India, aiming to be noticed globally. Besides trying to get Facebook to see Little Eye Labs’ potential, iSpirt is reportedly working on match-making three more deals on similar lines currently.
source: http://www.tech2india.in.com / Tech 2 / Home> News> General / by Nishta Kanal / December 02nd, 2013
It was a marvelous sight as nearly 70,000 students in educational institutions across Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts simultaneously performed yoga in an attempt to enter the Guinness Book of World Records.
More than 2000 students of Sharada Vidyalaya gathered in their school ground to attempt the record.
‘Yoga for Future 2013’ has been organized by Sri Kshetra Dharmasthala Shantivana Trust in association with Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Yoga and Ethical Education, Dakshina Kannada zilla panchayat and department of public instructions.
The students made an attempt to beat the present Guinness Book of World Record created when 29,973 students from 362 schools performed Suryanamaskar for 18 minutes at Vivekanand Kendra in Jiwaji University.
The demonstrations included Suryanamaskar, chanting of Surya mantras, Thrikonasana, Parshwakonasana, Shashankasana, Pavana Mukthasana, Sarvangasana, Vajrasana, Makarasana, Bhujangasana and Dhanurasana.
There was one yoga instructor for every 50 students, and the entire event was videographed.
Health Minister U T Khadar who was present on the occasion said, “I love yoga. I do yoga whenever I have time, which is not very often. I congratulate everyone for being part of this attempt for Guinness World Record.”
Additional deputy commissioner Dayanand and others were also present.
Udupi/Beltangady/Kundapur :
As many as 2,960 students of SDM Institutions, Ujire gathered at Ratnavarma Heggade stadium alone and performed Yoga. The historic moment was watched by Dharmasthala’s Harshendra Heggade and Hemavati Heggade.
In Kundapur, students attempted the record at Gandhi maidan and other places. As many as 3,625 students gathered at MGM grounds at Udupi and performed yoga. Altogether, 44,117 students from across the district were part of the event. District incharge minister Vinay Kumar Sorake, Sri Sugunendratirtha Swamiji of Puttige Math, Sri Laxmivaratirtha Swamiji of Shiroor Math and others witnessed the event in Udupi. Youngest film director Kishan Shrikanth is the brand ambassador for ‘Yoga for Future 2013,’ which is being held at 50 centres under the guidance of Dharmasthala Dharmadhikar Dr D Veerendra Heggade.
The event has been organized by Dharmasthala Shantivana Trust. As the yoga is being held in various centres, the success of the attempt will be known only later.
source: http://www.daijiworld.com / Daijiworld.com / Home> Top Stories / by Daijiworld Media Network – Mangalore (MD) / Friday – December 13th, 2013
by Prof. A.V. Narasimha Murthy, former Head, Department of Ancient History & Archaeology, University of Mysore
A religious spectacle referred to as Panchalinga Darshana at Talkad has been receiving maximum attention from print and electronic media. The religious rituals have already been started and will continue for a week. The whole atmosphere is soaked in mythology and the devotees are pouring into Talkad to get the religious merit by worshipping the five Siva lingas in a particular order. In fact the historical aspects are equally glorious as supported by inscriptions.
The archaeological excavations conducted at Talkad have taken the antiquity of this place to the stone age (megalithic) period corresponding to pre-Christian era. Later it exhibited Satavahana or early historic culture datable to 2nd century AD. A very interesting find of this period was the equipment used for manufacturing counterfeit Roman gold coins, may be used for pendants, as evidenced by terracotta mould showing the reverse of the coin of Roman emperor Augustus or Tiberius. Subsequently the western Gangas migrated to this place. Actually the original home of the Gangas was Kolar and they migrated to Talkad around 4100 AD and made it as their capital and ruled till the end of the tenth century AD.
The Gangas of Talkad have contributed two Siva lingas for the ritual of Panchalinga Darshana. The first one is the Patalesvara temple. It is a small stone temple with a sanctum, vestibule and a mandapa, opening to the east. The sanctum has a small Siva linga which is reddish in colour. It is said that it changes its colour as the day advances.
The Maralesvara temple is slightly bigger with a sanctum and two mandapas. The large number of loose sculptures kept in the temple are evidences of Ganga art. The sanctum has a Siva linga. This temple was built around eleventh century AD.
Sometime later, the Gangas were defeated by the Cholas and Talkad became a part of the Chola kingdom. It became a prominent town during the rule of Chola Rajaraja and it was named as Rajarajapura. The Cholas built many Siva and Vishnu temples at Talkad. It became a provincial capital under the Cholas with a governor placed here. The Cholas renamed Malingi as Jananathapura and built Chola temples here also. The Cholas have contributed Arkesvara temple actually situated 3 miles away from Talkad at a place called Vijayapura. It has undergone many renovations and has lost its original Chola features. This is a temple for surya aspect of Siva and has to be visited by the devotees undertaking Panchalinga Darshana.
The next phase is the Hoysala rule. Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana invaded Talkad, defeated the cholas and drove them out of Karnataka for ever. This was a great political event and Vishnuvardhana assumed the title Talakadugonda (Conqueror of Talkad) and minted gold coins to commemorate this great event. Not satisfied by this, he built a Vishnu temple at Talkad itself and named it as Kirtinarayana. This temple was partly buried under the sands and the Archaeological Department partly exposed it. About a decade back, Archaeological Survey of India began complete conservation of this temple by dismantling every part of it and the work is in progress.
This is a Hoysala temple built of granite. Soapstone is used only for pillars. The temple has a sanctum, vestibule and a navaranga which has three entrances. The main image of Kirtinarayana is about ten feet in height. Actually it is an image of standing Vishnu holding conch, lotus, club and discus. The halo has ten incarnations carved minutely. Thus this temple stands as a witness to the heroism of Hoysala Vishnuvardhana. No visitor can afford to miss this temple.
After the decline of the Hoysalas, Vijayanagara empire came into existence with the main object of preserving and nurturing Indian tradition and culture. Talkad became a Vijayanagara capital and Minister Madhava built a dam in 1342 across Cauvery which helped agriculture in this area. Srirangaraya was appointed as the governor and Talkad also came under his administration. He and his wife Alamelamma have become famous by giving a curse to Raja Wadiyar. The place of this incident is the Vaidyesvara temple at Talkad.
This temple was built in the early Vijayanagara period by about 1360 AD under the direction of Minister Madhava who was a native of Talkad. It is a large granite temple consisting of a sanctum, vestibule and a square navaranga. It stands on a star shaped low platform. It has a dravidian tower. Another mandapa was added in 1633 AD. The outer walls have a large number of sculptures such as Mahishamardini, Lakshmi, Surya, Brahma, Virabhadra etc. The eastern entrance has two dvarapala sculptures which are over ten feet in height and are considered tallest sculptures of that category in Karnataka. There are two rare sculptures here. The first one represents Bedara Kannappa and the other is Shankaracharya being tormented by a crocodile. The consort of Vaidyesvara is goddess Manonmani and a separate shrine has been built for her.
With the decline of Vijayanagara empire, Talkad became a part of Mysore Wadiyar kingdom as evidenced by inscriptions of Chamaraja (1633), Devaraja (1663) and Chikka Devaraja (1679). It remained under the Wadiyars of Mysore till the formation of Karnataka and continues to be a religious town till date. Thus Talkad has a long unbroken history of over 2500 years.
Though situated outside the town of Talkad, Mallikarjuna temple at Mudukuthore, four kms away, forms a part of the Panchalinga Darshana ritual. It is to the north of Talkad on a hill called Somagiri. The hill temple has to be reached through steep steps. The temple has a mandapa. Siva here is referred to as Mallikarjuna. The temple has a small Dravidian tower.
The village goddess of Talkad is called Bandarasamma and a small temple houses this goddess. The annual fair or jatre attracts a large number of devotees from nearby villages. In addition to the temples mentioned above there are more than 25 temples which are in ruins. Out of these cluster of temples, only five were selected for the special honour and ritual of Panchalinga Darshana which takes place on a special day of significant Hindu astrological and astronomical phenomenon. It should be the month of Karthika with five Mondays and the fifth Monday should coincide with new moon day (amavasye) with Visakha, Jyesta or Anuradha Nakshatras and Kuhu yoga. It is a strange combination and this year it took place on 2nd December. Because of this, all roads led to Talkad. That is the strength of our tradition and culture where history and mythology merge harmoniously.
source:http://www.starofmysore.com / Star of Mysore / Home> Feature Articles / December 08th, 2013
Bishop Aloysius Paul D’Souza and the Church committee with the relic of the Holy Cross in the background. – DNA
Till now this port city was called ‘Rome of the East’ for its true Catholic outlook, but now it has one more reason to sustain that name, as a relic of the Holy Cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified by Romans 2000 years ago arrived in Mangalore and has been consecrated in the Holy Cross Church in Kulashekar in the city.
Catholics in Mangalore were trying to get the relic for over seven years, and the Vatican administration finally found that the city deserved to house a relic from the biblical times, senior parishioners of the newly built Holy Cross church felt.
According to the church administrators, housing the relic of the Holy Cross will be a rare distinction for Mangalore. The relic will be open to the lay people for adoration and prayers.
In 312 AD, after his victory in one of the many battles he waged, Roman King Constantine attributed his triumph to the grace of the holy cross. In 326 AD, he sent his mother St Helen to find the Cross of Jesus in the city of Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified. The cross was installed in the Church of Sepulchre in Rome later.
Towards the end of 7th century AD, Persians tried to destroy it and took it to Persia, but in 629, King Heraclius regained the Cross and had it re-installed in the same Church in Rome.
source: http://www.dnaindia.com / DNA / Home> Bangalore> Report / Place: Mangalore, Agency:DNA / Monday – September 16th, 2013
A S N Hebbar, the city’s veteran lawyer of 50 years was felicitated by his interns and social welfare organizations at Government Pre-University College, here on Saturday November 30 evening.
The former Rotary governor Dr H Shantaram presided the function.
The former MLA A G Kodgi delivered the felicitation address.
The additional district and sessions judge G S Revankar, Udupi district journalists’ Assocition president Kiran Manjabail and others were present.
The journalist Chakravarti Soolibele delivered lecture on professional ethics and India.
The prizes were distributed to the winners of inter-district badminton and tennis tourney on the same occasion.
An exhibition of rare birds was held on the occasion.
Sugam Sangeet musical extravaganza and Yakshagana play was staged as part of entertainment programme.
About Hebbar
Seventy-three-year-old Airody Shankaranarayana Hebbar, popularly known as A S N Hebbar is active lawyer who attends court proceedings in Bhatkal, Honnavar and Udupi by driving his own car even now. His father the late Airody Venkatanarayana Hebbar was also a lawyer who mentored his son Shankaranarayana in professional ethics, in-depth study, humorous advocacy etc. The budding interns practiced with Sankaranarayan who has a great number of followers.
Besides, being busy at legal practice, Shankaranarayana was engaged in contributing his articles, poetry, humorous columns etc. He was the chairman of Udupi district seventh Kannada Sahitya Sammelan. He was the founder chairman of Jaycees Club International – Kundapur. He served as chairman of local school governing council and also bagged several awards for his philanthropic contributions.
He had participated in Akka Sammelan held in Chicago, USA. He was the founder president of Kundapur taluk journalists’ Association and founder vice president of Udupi district journalists’ Association. He has married to Sudha, daughter of Kasargod’s popular lawyer B S Kakkillaya. They have three children and many grand children.
source: http://www.bellevison.com / Belle Vision.com / Home> News / by Bernard J D’Costa, Bellevision Media Network / Kundapur – December 01st, 2013
HCG Hospitals, organized a press conference on treating 36 year old Indian from USA, diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, underwent marathon 16 hour liver transplant surgery, with the organ donated from his wife.
A year ago, the patient had weakness and loss of appetite. During his routine health check-ups, he was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, due to autoimmune hepatitis. After further investigations he was placed on the Liver Transplant waiting list in USA. With time running out, he did not get any organ offers and returned to India, for the liver transplant surgery.
Dr. Basant Mahadevappa, Consultant, Liver Transplant Surgeon, HCG Hospitals, said, “The patient was in a difficult situation, as he was decompensated with severe ascites (Liquid in the abdomen). His wife was worked up for donation. Anatomy of the donor was complicated, and was left with no other donor. With a multi-disciplinary team approach we took up the challenge and performed the transplantation. The patient & the donor are doing well and are on regular follow up.”
(From Left): Mrs. Shilpa Arun Kumar, Donor, Dr. Basant Mahadevappa, Mr. Arun Kumar, Recipient and Dr. Ganesh Bhat
Dr. Ganesh Bhat, Consultant, Gastroenterologist, HCG Hospitals, “The incidence of liver disease is on the rise and 2% to 3% of the people are living with Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C. People diagnosed with hepatitis B, are more likely to develop into liver cancer. Most of the times, its asymptomatic and when the patients start to see the see the symptoms, it’s in an advanced stage, which may require liver transplantation or a liver surgery. Early diagnosis of the disease helps in better medical outcomes.”
Mr. Arun Kumar, Recipient, said, “I was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, and the only medical solution was Liver Transplant. With my condition worsening & surgery being an emergency I was lucky to find a donor in my wife. She came forward to donate her liver, though it was high risk surgery. I have recovered and got a new lease of life.”
source: http://www.moneylife.com / MoneyLife / Home / Bangalore, Karnataka, India / Business Wire India / November 27th, 2013
(Top left ) Syed Faizan (Top right) Robinson Samuel (Below) Shireen Reginald, Associate Marketing Manager, N. Ranga Rao & Sons, who won second prize in the District-level Arm Wrestling Championship for the award ‘Mysore Shree’ held at Sarada Vilas Centenary Hall in city recently, posing with the runner-up shield.
Mysore :
Arm Wrestling, though not new to the globe, is definitely new to the city as very few people know about it.
Mysore, which has produced a lot of sports persons in various sports like body-building, athletics and cricket, with some of them reaching international-level, has also produced arm wrestlers.
Syed Faizan and Robinson Samuel from city are among those who have taken up arm wrestling.
The 23-year-old Faizan, a body-builder who took up body-building for fitness participated in the Mysore Shree Arm Wrestling Men’s Championship organised by Karnataka Arm Wrestling Federation, Mysore, held for the first time in city recently and won the title.
Son of Syed Abdul Khader, Proprietor of Biriyani Paradise on Sayyaji Rao road, Faizan, a B.Com graduate from MES College in city took up body-building at the age of 18 and is being coached by Mansoor, himself a body-builder who has won ‘Mr. Mysore’ title numerous times.
Faizan, speaking to Star of Mysore, recalled that his parents were hesitant to send him to gym in the beginning, but later agreed and allowed him to pursue body-building.
Apart from being a body-builder and an arm wrestler, Faizan is also an actor, who has acted in an African movie as a fighter and a model for many brands.
Faizan said that one has to work hard honestly and without taking short cuts to achieve in the sport.
Mansoor, coach of Faizan, said that arm wrestling has been around since the days humans figured out that they had arms and added that the sport became more popular in 1950s and 1960s when contests took place all across the United States and today, arm wrestling competitions are held around the world for men, women and kids in various weight categories.
Mansoor said that various factors play an important part in one’s success in arm wrestling. Technique and overall arm strength are the two important contributing factors to win an arm wrestling match. Other factors such as length of the arm, muscle and arm mass, hand grip, wrist endurance and flexibility, reaction time, etc. can add to the advantages of one arm wrestler over another.
Faizan said that his aim is to win ‘Mr. Mysore’ and ‘Mr. Dasara’ titles and also to win a medal for the State.
Robinson Samuel, 25, a final year M.Sc (Medical Biochemistry) student at JSS Medical College in city, is the son of Krupanand Samuel, a retd. Employee of District Tuberculosis Centre in city and Esther Celestian, a senior Lab Technician at Mysore Medical College and Research Institute (MMC&RI) in city.
Robinson won the second place in the Mysore Shree Arm Wrestling Men’s Championship held in city recently.
He said that initially he was into arm wrestling with his friends and took it seriously drawing inspiration from his elder brother Calvin Cornelius, a body-builder.
Robinson said that his parents were surprised when he expressed his desire to take up arm wrestling as a sport and supported him in all ways.
He says that he would exercise at home with the equipments he had made by himself for the training and added that he also goes to a gym just to keep himself fit. Robinson said that there are many different moves in arm wrestling such as Hook, Toproll, i Press etc. and added that arm wrestling is really a leverage sport. These moves all create different types of leverages, helping you to beat your opponent.
He said that because different moves work for different individuals, it is important to figure out which move provides the best leverage advantage to get the best chance of winning.
Apart from arm wrestling, Robinson has a music band in Chennai which plays Gosple music and soft rock.
Robinson said that his aim was to win titles but to be a full time Biochemist.
source: http://www.starofmysore.com / Star of Mysore / Home> Feature Articles / by S. Kenneth Shishir / December 02nd, 2013
![( Left -1) City’s renowned artist Ganjifa Raghupathi Bhat interviewed by K.B. Ganapathy, Editor -in-Chief, Star of Mysore.( Right - 2) The Wadiyar couple with artist Ganjifa Raghupathi Bhat. [Pic by by S. Thippeswamy]](http://www.bangalorefirst.in/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/WadiyarBF17dec2013.jpg)
